Christian Book Club Recommendations

Cyber Threats And The Cyber Threat - 1640 Words

In recent years information security and privacy have come to be topics of high importance with rapid technological advancements. Technology has provided vast areas of opportunities, but these have also brought along unprecedented threats. Since the â€Å"Morris† worm in the 1980’s cyber threat has grown from isolated incidents to high profile attacks on major government and private organizations. Cyber threats can be classified broadly into three distinct areas – ï‚ · Cyber crime – intentional attacks carried out by individuals or groups of individuals with specific objectives of acquiring money, data or causing disruption. ï‚ · Cyber war – an attack conducted by a nation against another nation with the objective to cause disruption or obtain†¦show more content†¦Two popular and large-scale self-propagating worms in 2001 are Code Red and NIMDA. The motivation for the attackers of both these worms were to gain notoriety and fame. Code Red exploited buffer overflow vulnerability in the IIS server of Microsoft. NIMDA on the other hand used multiple propagation techniques such as email, network sharing, exploiting directory traversal vulnerabilities of Microsoft IIS server. These widespread attacks led to the adoption of Intrusion detection systems. 3. Monetary benefit The third phase began around 2004 with the social engineering technique of phishing. The attacks attempted the victims to reveal passwords, identity information and payment card details which would then be used to extract money. 4. Threat and destruction The phase began in 2007/08 with the distributed denial of service attacks launched against Georgia and Estonia. The significant attack in this phase was in 2010 with the Stuxnet, the first malware that was able to compromise industrial control systems. This was significant because it showed that cyber threats were now not limited to servers, software, data and continuity but affected safety as well. Around this same time started the Advanced Persistent Threats. 5. Future Cyber-attacks have become increasingly sophisticated and varied targeting various high profile multinational companies. The target until now has been financial information and other critical

Enthalpy Lab Background Free Essays

Enthalpy, represented by the sign ? H in kJ/mol, is the heat change in a reaction. It shows whether how much heat is released or absorbed during the reaction. If the reaction is endothermic, the enthalpy would be positive and if the reaction is exothermic, the enthalpy would be negative. We will write a custom essay sample on Enthalpy Lab Background or any similar topic only for you Order Now During a chemical reaction, which consists of breaking and creating bonds, heat is either absorbed or released. In this lab, the reaction uses the disassociation of an ionic compound ammonium nitrate shown in the equation #1 below into ions. In order to disassociate ammonium nitrate into ions, energy is required. Both NH4 and NO3 are always soluble, therefore the ionic compound disassociates completely. Through equation #2, heat absorbed or released can be measured. In equation #2, q stands for the heat change in joules, m for the mass of the water in grams, C for the specific heat of water, and ? T for the change in temperature. By using the calorimeter with a stir rod, change in temperature is found. 1. NH4NO3(s) NH4(aq) + NO3(aq) 2. q=mC? T Free energy is a thermodynamic function that shows the available energy that can be converted into work. By using the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation, which uses free energy and is shown in equation #3, spontaneity of the reaction can be found using enthalpy, temperature, and entropy. Free energy, unlike entropy, is an absolute way to determine whether the reaction is spontaneous or not. If the free energy is negative, then the reaction is spontaneous, whereas if the free reaction is positive, then the reaction is not spontaneous. If free energy is neither, meaning if the free energy is zero, the reaction has reached equilibrium, therefore not shifting to left or right. In this lab, the reaction shown in equation #1 reaches equilibrium, so the free energy of this reaction would be zero. Entropy, shown by the sign S, is the measurement of molecular randomness or disorder. It is given in J/K*mol and it determines the disorder by the number of molecular arrangements that are possible in the state, whether it is solid, liquid, or gas. The more arrangements there can be, or larger amount of mole there is, the higher the entropy. If the change in entropy of a given reaction is negative, it means that the reaction is increasing in order, or decreasing in disorder. If the change in entropy of a given reaction is positive, it means that the reaction is increasing in disorder. Generally, negative entropy of a given reaction means that the reaction is spontaneous, but not always. Both equation #3 and #4 can be used to find entropy. 3. ?G = ? H-T? S 4.? Sreaction=? pSproducts – ? nrSreactants In equation #4, if the entropies of the molecules involved in the reaction are known, then change of entropy in the overall reaction can be found by subtracting the sum of the entropy of the products by the sum of the entropies of the reactants. If the entropies of the molecules aren’t known like this lab, than equation #3 can be used to find the entropies of the reaction, where T represents temperature in Kelvin, ? G i s the change in the free energy in kJ/mol, ? H is the change in enthalpy in kJ/mole, and ? S is the change in entropy in J/K*mol. The enthalpy of the reaction shown in equation #1 can be calculated by the third equation using arithmetic because ? G is zero. And in this equation, the formula number 3, where ? G = ? H-T? S, Enthalpy must be greater that Entropy if the equation is to be positive. This is reason why this value is set to zero, because then by subtracting the enthalpy the value of entropy can be found. And through these methods, the value of G can be substituted in and to find the accepted value of ? H and ? S. The Kelvin is the accepted value, and the ? S can be found when plugged in ? H and ? G to be found as the zero value. The calculated entropy should match or be very close to the accepted entropy value for the dissolving of ammonium nitrate if the ionic compound is dissolved in water and the enthalpy determined by the calorimeter because the calorimeter shouldn’t have lost any heat to surrounding and all of the solid should have been dissolved. Through this method, the absorbance rate of FeCl3 can be estimated, just like how NH4NO3 can be found. How to cite Enthalpy Lab Background, Papers

Agricultural Growth and Reforms in Australia

Question: Write an essay about the "Agricultural Growth and Reforms in Australia". Answer: Introduction Agriculture is a major and most crucial economic activity to all countries in the whole world. It is an art where the soil is cultivated to produce crops while animals are raised with an aim of producing food and other products (Bareja, 2014). He also noted that this practice is carried out for economic gains. He noted that agriculture has a great coverage; starting from science, business, practice and even legal matters. Some people may think that they fully understand what agriculture entails simply because they undertake this practice every day, but in the real sense they dont. Agriculture is described as both a science in that its foundation is on scientific facts and art in that it need skills. Due to the broad coverage of agriculture, it has been described differently by many researchers. There is no single definition that can cover all its practices; it is mostly limited to crops and animal production, but it covers areas like forestry, fisheries, and many other activities. Rimando (2004) defined agriculture as a systematic process where useful plants and animals are raised through management by man. Rubenstein (2003) defines it as a practice where a proportion of the surface of the earth is modified through a deliberate effort through crops cultivation and raising of animals aiming at ensuring sustenance or for economic gain. This research will consider the many factors contributing to the production growth of agriculture industry in Australia. Some of the factors that has facilitated this growth include; the availability of ready markets both at the national and international level which has resulted in an increase price of products; the abolishment of agricultural subsidies which has made the farmers to become more competitive; investment in research and development; the availability of financial support to the small-scale farmers to help them in management of farming risks, etc. Other factors have also contributed to stagnated growth. These include factors such as reduction in investment on RD, poor climates, pest, and diseases, etc. Both the negative and positive factors will be considered under the agricultural development in Australia. History of Agriculture This practice was started a very long time ago. Before the 1950s, the Australian economy was thriving from its increased production of agricultural products. It even became a leading exporter of food, grains and meat. Wool production was a main source of income in this period. However, it has been noted that there was a proportionate decline in the income from wools for the period 1901-2009. This has also been accompanied by a reduced number of the people employed in agriculture farms from 14 % to 3 %. This is despite the increased number of livestock and profitable industries on exporting agricultural products. Their farmers supply the highest proportion of Australian food. Many changed have been introduced to the farming methods over the years. Farmers have adapted to the modern methods that have resulted in increased production. Technology has facilitated the mechanization of farming methods (Langridge, Cordell and DOcchio, 2014). The climate of Australia does not favor agricultural practices in all its parts; for this reason, agricultural mix of dryland and irrigation farming are used. Some areas receive very little rainfall such that it cant support agriculture. Farming in these areas has been possible through only irrigation. Areas of rich fertile soils and high rainfall are used for crops and daily farming, whereas those of low soil fertility are used for pastoralism. This explains the difference in the land proportions used for agriculture among the states. Fig: Distribution of land proportions used for agriculture in the Australian States in 2011. Source: ABS Agricultural Commodities, Australia, 201011 (cat. no. 7121.0) The higher the proportion of land spent on agriculture, the higher the amount of rainfall received. Queensland in the report was leading in the proportion of land used while Tasmania had the least proportion. Importance of Agriculture Agriculture in Australia has had a high percentage contribution to the GDP share. It is the primary source of food for Australian citizens and others outside countries through exportation. 93 % of food consumed in Australia is produced locally (Batt, 2015) It is essential for many people especially those who are low-incomers in that, it provides some income to these people and also saving the money that would otherwise be used to buying food. It is also a source of employment; the advancement in technology has led to extensive farming where a significant number of human resource is an essential input. Batt noted that, in the 2nd quarter of 2015, the number of people employed in agriculture was 307,000. There are so many people employed in agricultural farms (Gray, Oss-Emer and Sheng, 2014). Fig: Contribution of agriculture to Australian GDP It is illustrated above that there has been a rising trend in the contribution of agriculture to the Australian GDP. The contribution was at the lowest level in 2007 (i.e. during the Global Financial Crises), however, it recovered in 2008 when it started rising again. Highest levels were recorded in 2013 and in 2015. The contribution started falling in the 3rd quarter of 2015; there is a falling trend since then. Problems Facing Agricultural Production in Australia Many factors have contributed to the prosperity and depression (boom and bust) of agricultural production in Australia (Clark, 2003). These factors are; the fact that Australia has unreliable climate as in the whole world it is the driest continent. The growing season of Australia is mostly below five months, those above five months accounts for only 25 %. The adaptation of plants and animals to Australian conditions were poor. The Australian local population is small and heavily dependent on overseas markets. For a very long time, the range of products the economy has been depending on is limited (i.e. wheat, cattle and sheep). The soils are poor and infertile, and the quality of their pastures are low. Pests infestation, weeds, and diseases are a major threat to the farmers. Tools and Machinery used are inadequate, and the inputs and labor costs are high. Demand and supply keep on fluctuating, and farmers lack information, transportation, and communication. Markets are located in d istant areas. There are high risks and the income to the farmers is uncertain. The global market is competitive and highly protected. Thus, economic efficiency is needed for competing on the world market. The other problem facing Australian agriculture is the shortage of skilled labor. Unlike the past where young people engaged in farming activities, currently, it is done by the elderly (Abs.gov.au, 2016). Due to the effects of reduced production owing to the poor climatic fluctuations, graduates are discouraged from pursuing courses in Agriculture. Fig: Farmers age profiles Source: 4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, Dec 2012. Currently, most of the farmers lie within the range of 45-69 years, but in the past, the range was between 25-59 years. Sustainability in Australian Agriculture Clark (2003) noted some requirements for agriculturalist to achieve sustainability in agriculture production in Australia. These requirements include what agriculturalists must do. They must seek more education and training to improve their managerial skills. Must plan for the whole farm to maintain and enhance resources. Must base their production on what the consumers want and also have some long-term planning. Must research on the consumers and market requirements and consistently produce high-quality products. Must have access to up-to-date information. Must stabilize income by reducing risks through diversification. The plants and animals used must be suitable to the prevailing environment. The climate must be modified through irrigation, mulching, housing animals, windbreaks, and glasshouses. Must not exceed the lands capability in use. Technological developments and innovations must be applied. Resources must be improved, for example through; green manuring, crops rotation, use of fertilizers, minimum tillage operations, legume-based pastures and conservation of oil practices. Must apply sustainable practices such as land care and catchment management. Must add value to the produced products to raise their value. E.g. processing of products. Natural environment, economic and social conditions should be protected and improved, and all the farmed species needs a safeguard on their health and welfare (Saiplatform.org, 2016). Sustainable agriculture according to Gold (2016) is achievable when the current production is able to satisfy the present basic needs, and the resources preserved for supporting the future generation. Agricultural Developments in Australia Owing to the many challenges that are facing farmers in Australia, there has been some development aimed at solving the issues preventing the farmers from maximizing their production. Some of the issues have led to the establishment of various reforms. Despite the challenges faced, agricultural production in Australia has remained to be high. Financial Support This reform was mainly aimed at stimulating the development of small-scale farmers. The income received by this farmers is uneven and not sufficient for expansion. Johnston and Frengley (1994) argued that, because these farmers have an insured income, it is very difficult for them to access loans from loaning institutions. Due to their poor state, financial institutions believe that their possibility of defaulting on their loan is very high. They are considered to be risky borrowers. Johnson and Forbes (2000) noted that the introduction of microfinance institutions will facilitate the accessibility of loans to these farmers enabling them to expand their production capacity. The greatest problem facing many economies is that they have potential, but yet their production level is below capacity. Infrastructure Increased government spending leads to improved infrastructure. Some farmers produce their goods but are not able to get them to the market. Bad roads and communication infrastructure are the major factors responsible for this. Development of infrastructure would enable many farmers to reach the potential buyers. Agricultural products are highly perishable, thus, they require fast means of getting them to the market. Better means of communication will save the costs of looking for buyers and that incurred when the farmers are not able to get buyers on time, consequently resulting in products getting spoiled. Minimization of Trade barriers Foreign markets provide a large market for both imports and exports. Like any other country, Australia has its trading barriers and regulations. To boost agricultural growth, the Australian government has imposed barriers against the importation of agricultural inputs and also agricultural products that are domestically produced. Importation of outputs hinders agricultural growth in an economy in that, when the price of imports is lower compared to domestic price, consumers will prefer importing rather than demanding locally. This causes the farmers to lose the market for their products causing them to end up selling at very low prices. Trade agreements between Australian and some other large countries have been formed allowing for the free flow of commodities across the regions. The easing of the exporting term of trade with this nations enables farmers to sell their products in the international market thereby creating a large market base. Since the exporting firms are able to secu re higher prices in the international markets, it is assumed that the price they offer the farmers for their produces tend to be higher. This creates the incentives on the part of the producers to produce more. Reforms on Taxes There has been the establishment of Farm Management Deposits (FMDs) legislation aim at containing the financial risks faced by the small scale business owners. There are many factors responsible for subjecting farmers to financial risks. These factors include the climatic changes where poor climates cause low levels of production; market price fluctuation where low market prices result in losses being made by the farmers; and finally the natural disasters. The major concept behind this is the presence of agricultural boom and busts. According to a report by Ato.gov.au (2016), this program is designed to enlighten the farmers on the need to have some saving. They solve their risks by using the saved amount. The legislation allows farmers to deposit some money in the scheme when they make huge profits during a boom period; this deposited amount can be withdrawn during low profits period. Chan (2014) noted that this scheme is much attractive to the farmers as the money deposited is tax-free; taxation only applies during withdrawal. It is important to primary producers as it complements other strategies used in risk management. The eligibility of joining the scheme are; at the time of making the deposit, one must be operating a primary operating business. Must be an individual as a partnership does not qualify for the scheme. The depositors non-primary production taxable income must not be more than $100,000. Initially, $400,000 was the set maximum amount for a single deposit; the minimum amount being $1000. However, there was a proposition on the need to raise this maximum amount to $ 800,000 as from 1st July 2016 (Agriculture.gov.au, 2015). Reforms on Water Shortage Water shortage is a major problem facing many areas of Australia. Due to poor climatic conditions, some areas have not been able to produce crops; some land has been left unused because they are so dry to support agricultural activities. Owing to this reason, some farmers are seeking irrigation methods to support crops life. To encourage agriculture, there was a proposal to build dams in New South Wales and Victoria. The idea of dams construction to boost crop production by making water available is the greatest reform (ABC Rural, 2015). The government is also enlightening citizens on the need to conserve and recycle water. Boreholes drilling in the dry areas is a significant innovation. Fig: Water consumption level in Australia Source: 4655.0.55.002 - Information Paper: Towards the Australian Environmental-Economic Accounts, 2013. The highest proportion of water available in Australia is consumed on Agriculture, forestry and fisheries. The graph above represents 55 % of the total water and 63% of water consumed by this industry. Agricultural Subsidies The department of Australian Agriculture and Water Resource and the government are providing financial assistance and grant programs to individual and Australian businesses to raise their productivity and to boost exports. The increasing variable climate faced by farmers and primary producers has led to the introduction of drought and rural assistance to help them in managing and becoming prepared for drought effects and other challenges. A report by Keogh (2011) noted that the level of agricultural subsidies in Australia is too low. In 2010, Australia was recorded to be the second last economy with the least agricultural subsidies; New Zealand being the last. Hopkins (2009) and Turnbull (2014) noted these farmers are among those with the least government support. Subsidies to boost exports in Australia has been noted to have adverse effects on the farmers (Mather and Earl, 2015). Australian producers of fruits, meat, sugar, wine, cotton, and dairy, could become more competitive with the abolition of subsidies; this was noted by Andrew Robb the Trade Minister. The livelihood of Australian farmers has for decades been threatened by export subsidies. Mather and Earl pointed out that the Australian Trade Policy has since the 1970s aimed at ending these subsidies. Urban Farming Food security has been recognized to be a major problem for developing countries. There is a challenge in providing food that is sufficient and easily accessible. Bearing the fact that more than 90 % of Australian live in the cities, food security is a major issue in the urban areas than in the countryside (Burton, 2012). The growth of population has raised the demand for food. Most of the food consumed in the urban cities is that produced in the rural areas. The food requires transportation for it to get to the urban markets and factors such as rising oil prices may raise the cost of shipping. Burton noted that the best idea in curbing this issue of food insecurity would be to by growing more food in the cities. Urban agriculture has been under-developed for many years with few small-scale farmers growing some crops in their backyards. The major challenge facing the expansion of urban agriculture is the land size since more investors are interested in buildings constructions. Carey, Sheridan and Larsen (2015) argued that in an attempt to accommodate the rising population in the Australian cities, the land available for agriculture is diminishing. Agricultural RD In Australia, productivity growth has mostly been influenced by investment in RD (Mullen, 2007). The report by Neales (2013) noted that there have been a significant reduction in the spending on agricultural research. She noted that this was undermining its ability of becoming a food bowl. The drop was observed since 2000 with the stagnation in production. Most farmers do not have advanced skills in production. RD investments contribute to instilling knowledge on the farmers on the new and efficient means of production. Dr. Mullen and Mr. Koegh argued that the predicted growth of agriculture by the year 2050 will only be achieved through a significance increase in research and development. Pruning the investment on RD could not achieve the predicted target. Mr. Koegh argued that agricultural productivity growth may contribute much towards an agricultural boom than an increased use of land or water. The study by Professor Pardey on public investment on agriculture RD that involved ran king a combination of 126 developing and developed countries revealed that the reduced spending lowered the rank of Australia from 9th to 16th (Neales, 2013). Conclusions Many developments have been enriched in the field of agriculture over the years. It has also evolved to require policy regulations by the government. The role of the government in an economy is ensuring that sustainable agriculture is ensured. Sustainability in agriculture entails the efficient production of high quality and safe agricultural products without posing risks to the natural environment, farmers economic and social conditions, those of employees and the local communities. The most critical factors identified to have a stagnation in agricultural growth in Australia are; reduced investment in RD, export subsidies and climatic conditions. The government has played an important role in promoting agricultural growth, but in some cases, it limited its growth. For instance, when there is low rainfalls and the level of water in the rivers get to low, the government impose a restriction on the use of water for irrigation. This is conflicting with the role of promoting agricultural growth. The government is future-oriented and is thus mostly interested in ensuring that the use of resources does not undermine the future production. It regulates all the farming practices to ensure sustainability. Without the intervention of the government, agriculture in Australia could be underdeveloped. Farmers would care more about profits and less care for the future. This could negatively impact the environmental, economic and social conditions. Bibliography ABC Rural, (2015). Farmers approve of White Paper vision. Abs.gov.au. (2016). 4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, Dec 2012. Agriculture.gov.au. (2015). Home Farm Management Deposits. Ato.gov.au. (2016). Farm management deposits scheme | Australian Taxation Office. Australia.gov.au. (2016). Australian farming and agriculture grazing and cropping | australia.gov.au. Carey, R., Sheridan, J. and Larsen, K. (2015). To feed growing cities we need to stop urban sprawl eating up our food supply. Chan, G. (2014). Australian farmers hold $3.21bn in farm management deposits. [Online] the Guardian. Bareja, B. (2014). What is Agriculture: Definition and Concept. CropsReview.Com. Retrieved 24 May 2016, Clark, A. (2003). Senior Australian agriculture. Glebe, N.S.W.: Pascal Press. Gold, M. (2016). Sustainable Agriculture: Definitions and Terms | Alternative Farming Systems Information Center. Gray, E., Oss-Emer, M. and Sheng, Y. (2014). Australian agricultural productivity growth. Johnson, R. and Forbes, R. (2000). Recent productivity trends in New Zealand primary sectors.

Lenz-Georg Buechner (In German) Essays - , Term Papers

Lenz-Georg Buechner (In German) Lenz Der psychisch leidende Schriftsteller Lenz gelangt nach einem Fu?marsch durchs Gebirge zum Pfarrer Oberlin in Waldbach. Dort wird er freundlich aufgenommen, versp?rt aber bereits in der Nacht wieder gro?e Unruhe. Sein n?chtliches Bad im Brunnen schreckt die M?gde auf. In den n?chsten Tagen begleitet er Oberlin auf dessen Besuche, immer wieder wird er von Angstzust?nden heimgesucht. Von Oberlin, der von seinem Theologiestudium erfahren hat, aufgefordert, h?lt er an einem Sonntag in der Kirche die Predigt, ger?t aber dadurch noch mehr in innere Aufruhr. Bei einem Besuch seines Freundes Kaufmann legt er sein ?sthetisches Konzept einer lebensnahen Kunst dar. Allm?hlich werden Lenz' Zust?nde h?ufiger und akuter. W?hrend einer n?chtlichen Wanderung gelangt er in eine H?tte, wo ein krankes M?dchen bei einem angeblich ?ber paranormale Kr?fte verf?genden Mann untergebracht ist. Er ?bernachtet dort und kehrt verwirrt nach Waldbach zur?ck. Einige Tage sp?ter erf?hrt er vom Tod eines Kindes in F ouday. Im Bergewand begibt er sich dorthin und versucht, es wieder zum Leben zu erwecken. Mehrmals erz?hlt er andeutungsweise von einer ungl?cklichen Liebesgeschichte und ist ?berzeugt, Friederike, seine Geliebte, sei gestorben. Als Lenz' geistige Verwirrung weiter zunimmt und mehrere Selbstmordversuche folgen, entschlie?t sich Oberlin, ihn nach Stra?burg zu bringen. Die Novelle endet mit der Fahrt dorthin, der inzwischen von drei M?nnern bewachte Lenz ist in absolute Apathie verfallen. Book Reports

10 Words Derived from Scribe

10 Words Derived from Scribe 10 Words Derived from Scribe 10 Words Derived from Scribe By Mark Nichol Scribe, from the Latin term scribere, meaning â€Å"to write,† referred to a person who performed the responsibilities of an accountant, a secretary, or both but later denoted any writer. (Scrivener is a synonym from medieval Anglo-French.) The term is rarely used outside of historical contexts but occasionally appears as affected slang to refer to a professional author or writer; the same is true of its use as a verb to refer to the action of writing. Scribe is the basis of a select group of other words; here are ten such terms and their meanings, along with examples of their use in a sentence. (Note that each verb listed here can be converted to a noun by changing -scribe to -scription, as in prescribe/prescription.) 1. ascribe: attribute (literally, â€Å"write to†: â€Å"It is largely to this that we must ascribe the national conservatism and contempt for foreigners†) 2. circumscribe: constrict or surround, or define (literally, â€Å"draw around†: â€Å"To circumscribe the influence of the ruling favorites, he next suggested the formation of a cabinet council of six or eight ministers†) 3. conscribe: synonym for circumscribe or variant of conscript 4. describe: represent by drawing something or talking about it, or trace the outline of something (literally, â€Å"draw from†: â€Å"I can’t describe how helpless I felt†) 5. inscribe: write on something (literally, â€Å"write in†: â€Å"They would then inscribe a verse over the door of the house for protection†) 6. prescribe: make a rule, or tell someone to use a remedy or treatment (literally, â€Å"write before†: â€Å"The numerous fasts of the national church prescribe a fish diet†) 7. proscribe: prohibit (literally, â€Å"write for†: â€Å"When a legislature undertakes to proscribe the exercise of a citizen’s constitutional right to free speech, it acts lawlessly†) 8. subscribe: sign or support, or pay regularly for a publication or service (literally, â€Å"write beneath†: â€Å"Long ago, she had learned that many people didn’t subscribe to her morals†) 9. superscribe: write outside or on top of or over (literally, â€Å"write over†: â€Å"Kindly superscribe renewal on the envelope if you are sending it by post†) 10. transcribe: copy something written or write something spoken, or rewrite music for a different instrument or voice or in a different key (literally, â€Å"write across†: â€Å"She will transcribe the speech and send you a copy tomorrow†) Unsubscribe was a rarely used antonym for subscribe until after the advent of email; now, many companies and organizations have an unsubscribe option that enables the receiver to automatically halt the transmission of subsequent messages. The terms superscript and subscript, meanwhile, refer to small numbers, letters, or other characters (such as asterisks) set above or below the baseline of type as indicators of footnotes or in mathematical and scientific usage. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Types of RhymeAwoken or Awakened?10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

Network Security & Applications Research Proposal

Network Security & Applications - Research Proposal Example Thus, this is very important to train the basic computer users and information systems manager in mind, teaching the ideas required to read through the hype in the marketplace and recognize threats associated with the computer security and how to cope with them (Network Security, 2010; Curtin, 1997). In addition, the network security is turning out to be more and more significant in view of the fact that people spend more and more time connected. In this scenario, compromise on network security is frequently much easier than compromise on physical or local security, and is much more frequent. However, there are numerous good tools available to help improve network security, as well as majority of them are shipping with Windows features (The Linux Documentation Project, 2010). The new web based or web-supported tools offer a range of effective software features and services to the consumers, workers and business associates. These services could be easily managed and handled. Additiona lly, the new information technology offers access to a major business resource such as the web server, which gives the capability to access various other useful information resources, for instance database servers (ITSecurity).

Phineas Taylor Barnum's American Museum 1842 to 1868 Research Paper

Phineas Taylor Barnum's American Museum 1842 to 1868 - Research Paper Example While in New York, Barnum purchased a museum and renamed it after himself. With the museum, Barnum found a platform which he used to promote hoaxes and human curiosities. Barnum began his entertainment career in New York. Barnum gets credited for revolutionizing and legitimizing spectacle. Barnum purchased and exhibited the Joice Heth. Joice Heth was an almost paralyzed and blind slave woman (Barnum and Cook 108). Barnum claimed the woman to have been over 160 years old and a supposed nurse to George Washington. Thousands got drawn to view Heith by paying an admission price. He toured the south with a small circus between 1836 and 1837. This circus tour appeared to be preparation for him to purchase his own museum with which he made a fortune. In 1841, he bought the Scudder American museum which he renamed to Barnum American museum. Barnum upgraded the museum building and added more exhibits making the museum a popular showplace in the process. Barnum added flags to the roof edge of the museum, and this helped attract attention during the day. A strolling garden got made out of the roof during the upgrade. The place then got lit up with limelight, which had just become invented then. His main idea revolved around making the museum an advertisement in itself. In the museum, Barnum filled it with a surfeit of exhibits and activities. Exhibits and activities within the museum revolved around panoramas, dioramas, scientific instruments and modern appliances. Through the museum, Barnum got to introduce his first major hoax which became known as the Feejee mermaid (Barnum 56). The Feeje mermaid was a creature that had the tail of a fish and a monkey’s head. Barnum justified hoaxes such as this claiming they were advertisements used to draw attention to the museum. The museum also exhibited a dwarf named general Tom Thumb. The dwarf got claimed to be the smallest person walking the earth, and he got used to amuse the public. The museum also exhibited a number o f exotic animals that included beluga whales, a hat claimed to be worn by Ulysses Grant, a tree trunk where Jesus and his disciples sat, giants, fat boys, a dog that could knit, flea circus and performances by magicians and fortune tellers, Uncle Tom’s cabin and minstrel adaptations of biblical tales. The museum gets reported to have received over 38milion visitors between 1841 and 1865. Visitors got charged a twenty five cent admission charge. The visitors got to view a revolving set of attractions at the museum (Cottrell 19). Barnum’s credit to show business gets associated with professionalism, public relations through advertisements and quality. Characters that provided dubious shows got thrown out of Barnum American museum. Barnum defended his hoax shows by claiming that the public had to first get attracted to the museum, and then later get provided with sensational entertainment while in the museum building. Barnum used newspaper advertisements and handbills to promote the museum (Barnum and Cook 88). The museum not only provided shows but also educational teachings. The museum’s theater which got known as the ‘lecture room’ got used by Barnum in providing temperance reforms and Shakespearean dramas. Barnum gets recognized by early historians as instrumental in the development of urban culture in the nineteenth century. The museum became the first of its kind in offering entertainment and amusement together with moral uplift and

Police use of force Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Police use of force - Essay Example Justification of the level of force used is dependant on the situation at hand and the interaction with the citizenry. From a philosophical standpoint it could be argued that as regular citizens we have a social contract with the police and our legal system insofar as we have designated that in exchange for a certain level of sovereignty to these authority figures in exchange for maintaining social order and the rule of law. From this perspective we could postulate that a use of force could be designed on a sliding scale from a stern warning from a police office for minor violations on the one side of the spectrum, right through to the use of deadly force for the most sever violations. However that is not to say that police do not act in a manner that goes outside of the boundaries of what is considered sensible in circumstances and to say that there are different viewpoints as to what would be considered adequate. Obviously from one perspective, a person who is being subjected to a degree of force from a police officer is probably going to believe that the use of force that he or she is being subje cted to is excessive whereas a non partisan observer might have a completely different objective. As it stands a number of specific mandates are given to police officers at different levels as to what level of force is appropriate in what circumstances. For example it may be the case that the moment a weapon becomes visible the police then have authorization to automatically use less than lethal weapons (Tazers, pepper spray, batons etc.). From a legal perspective according to US Legal definition (2010) police brutality represents a violation of civil rights when an officer acts with more force than what is required, yet there is no precise definition. In the American context, as a generality, force should only be used to

Oman Telecommunication Company

Oman Telecommunication Company Introduction Brief History The Oman telecommunication company is the most reliable and unique telecom and multimedia service provider in Pakistan which is also known as Omantel. The world call telecommunication limited is also the Omantelscompany. The companys word:- â€Å"WorldCall launched its business in June 1996 with payphone operations. A fundamental shift in technology and industry, innovation and dedication led us to growth in diversified businesses with a range of services designed to serve the needs of the local market. From Cable Broadband to Wireless Broadband, from Cable TV to Video on Demand, from LDI services and fiber optic network to wireless local loop telephony, WC has crossed a number of milestones. WC offers an array of services under three major service categories i.e. Data, Entertainment and Voice.† WorldCall Telecom Ltd. became an associate company of Omantel after acquisition of major share holding by Omantel in 2008. Today, WorldCall Telecom has become more innovative, dedicated, and reliable company in Pakistan. Status of Omantel:- Oman Telecommunications Company (Omantel) is the largest communication service provider in Oman. Any telephone call you make, local or international, the SMS Messages, or internet services, Omantel is the major and larger provider. Situational Analysis In 1996 First Capital Securities Corporation commenced to incubate payphone operation named WorldCall Payphones Limited. The new venture stood first in a communication revolution that was yet to hang on the country. WorldCall perception of a changing business environment placed them at the lead of a demand-led explosion of payphones all over the country. WorldCall introduced their first payphone in June 1996. They were one of the largest fixed line payphone operators. With the expansion in telecom they have continued to innovate. Over the years they have invested heavily in new technologies and businesses. In 1998 prepaid calling cards were launched by WorldCall Phonecards under the brand name Hello. In the following years WC provided its dial-up internet services through WorldCall.com. In 2000 WorldCall in Multimedia segment established a Hybrid Fiber Coaxial (HFC) network in Lahore thus becoming the first Multi-service operator in the country, providing cable television and Internet-over-cable. WC cable TV in Lahore, is the last but largest entrant till now. In 2003 WC launched a state of the art HFC network operation in Karachi under WorldCall Broadband Limited. These are the largest and only national networks capable of three features at the same time (cable TV, high speed internet/data and telephony). WorldCall Telecom Limited got Wireless Local Loop (WLL) license in the post deregulation auction to provide WLL telephony in all 14 telecom regions of Pakistan primarily in the 1900 MHz band. It has partnered with Samsung for a CDMA 2000. WC started service from Lahore in June 2005 which is now available in over 40 cities. WC also acquired an LDI license and service commenced at the end of 2004. WTL enjoys significant edge over competition due to unused fiber optic capabilities available in the telecommunication sector. In April 2008, Omantel had acquired 65 percent shares of WorldCall Telecom Limited for $200 million. The CEO WorldCall Mr Salmaan Taseer led the WorldCall delegation Salman Taseer said that WorldCall is the first company to launch payphone cards, High HFC System and local loop in the country. WorldCall is positioned in a unique way being the only real Multi Service Operator (MSO) in Pakistan telecom landscape with proven track record and established market position in various segments of its operations. WorldCall also enjoys leadership position with consistent growth in its market share for broadband connectivity and cable television. Focus of rollout will principally target broadband segment with sustained growth of voice services. This planned expansion coupled with initial investment would see a decent inflow of capital into Pakistan. Omantel is a publicly traded telecom company based in Oman with diversified operations. However, acquisition of majority stake in WorldCall is its first overseas venture. Structure of WorldCall Location of offices Location of Head Office WorldCall Telecom Limited 67-C III, Gulberg III, Lahore, Pakistan Tel: (92 42) 5872633-38 Fax: (92 42) 5755231 Wireless Local Loop Main Office Ibrahim Trade Center (Near Barkat Market) 1- Aibak Block, New Garden Town, Lahore (92 42) 8464646 www.callwireless.com.pk WLL Helpline (92) 0800-19111 WC Net Helpline 109, UAN (111-111-965) Number of Total Employees:- As of December 2010, around 1800 total employees work for WorldCall. (More than 3000 before downsizing after acquisition of WorldCall by Omantel, however these decisions were taken by the Omani top management) Legal Status and Nature of Business The Group consists of: WorldCall Telecom Limited WorldCall Telecom Limited (the Company) is a public limited company incorporated in Pakistan on 15 March 2001 under the Companies Ordinance, 1984 and its shares are quoted on the Karachi and Lahore Stock Exchanges. WorldCall Telecom Ltd. groups principal activity is to provide telecommunication services. It operates through two business segments: Telecom segment provides operation and maintenance services for payphone network. Broadband segment provides internet over cable and cable TV services. The Group operates mainly in its domestic market. The Company commenced its operations on 01 December 2004 and is engaged in providing Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and Long Distance International (LDI) services in Pakistan, operation and maintenance of public payphones network and re-broadcasting international/national satellite/terrestrial wireless and cable television and radio signals as well as interactive communication and to establish, maintain and operate the licensed telephony services. The Company has been licensed by Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) and Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) for these purposes. Worldcall Telecommunications Lanka (Private) Limited (the Subsidiary) was incorporated in Sri Lanka and is a joint venture with Hayleys Group to operate payphones. The principal activity of the Subsidiary is the operation and maintenance of public payphones networks. Payphones are installed at various shops/commercial outlets. The Company holds 70.65% of voting securities in the Subsidiary. Type of Ownership A Subsidiary of Omantel Before the acquisition and restructuring of WorldCall, the WorldCall group was consisted of following companies: Worldcall Communications Limited Worldcall Phone cards Limited Worldcall Multimedia Limited Worldcall Broadband Limited Omantel decided to consolidate WorldCall into a single company and as a subsidiary of Omantel. Foreign Subsidiary Worldcall Telecommunications Lanka (Pvt.) Limited is a foreign subsidiary of Worldcall Telecom Ltd. Key Players Historically Salman Taseer remained the key player in WorldCall as a Leader, CEO and Chairman.After the completion of acquisitions Omantel plays important role at corporate level but WorldCall lacks any leadership personality like Salman Taseer. CEO of the Company The current players are Babar Ali Sayed (CEO) former LDI Director Operations. First time in the history of WorldCall the CEO is from Technical Department, unlike previous CEOs with background in Finance and Chartered Accountants. A current picture of MR. Babar Ali Syed is below: Board of Directors Mr. Mehdi Mohammed Al Abduwani Mr. Talal Said Marhoon Al-Mamari Mr. Bernhard Heinichen Mr. Samy Ahmed Abdulqadir Al Ghassany Mr. Zafar Iqbal Mr. Aimen bin Ahmed Al Hosni Mr. Saud bin Ahmed Al-Nahari Mr. Shehryar Ali Taseer Mr. Asadullah Khawaja (nominee Arif Habib Securities Limited) Vision and Mission Statements VISION:- We at WorldCall are committed to achieving dynamic growth and service excellence by being at the cutting edge of technological innovation. We strive to consistently meet and surpass customers, employees and stake-holders expectations by offering state-of-the-art telecom solutions with national international footprints. We feel pride in making efforts to position WorldCall and Pakistan in the forefront of international arena. MISSION:- In the telecom market of Pakistan, WorldCall to have an overwhelming impact on the basis of following benchmarks: Create new standards of product offering in basic and value added telephony by being more cost effective, easily accessible and dependable. Thus ensuring real value for money to all segments of market. Be a leader within indigenous operators in terms of market share, gross revenues and ARPU within five years and maintain the same positioning thereafter. Achieve utmost customer satisfaction by setting up high standards of technical quality and service delivery. Ensuring the most profitable and sustainable patterns of ROI (Return on Investment) for the stake-holders. ANALYSIS of MISSION STATEMENT WHO ARE WE?  § Be a leader within indigenous operators in terms of market share, gross revenues and ARPU within five years and maintain the same positioning thereafter. WHAT WE DO?  § Create new standards of product offering in basic and value added telephony by being more cost effective, easily accessible and dependable. Thus ensuring real value for money to all segments of market. WHERE ARE WE NOW?  § Achieve utmost customer satisfaction by setting up high standards of technical quality and service delivery. Now in term Components:-  § Customers  § Product services  § Markets  § Technology  § Concern for survival growth and profitability  § Philosophy  § Self concept  § Concern for public image  § Concern for employees Suggested Correct Vision Statement:- To be a leader in a telecom industry by being at cutting edge of technological innovation. Goals Objectives of WorldCall 2010:- GOALS:- To redevelop an infrastructure which help company to implement multi destination LDI operations To expand the wireless broadband network To secure advertisement revenue share through cable TV network OBJECTIVES:- To secure international terminations from the major countries of Europe and USA; and establishments POPs (Point-Of-Presence, Switch, Router, Billing system) using co-location. To establish head-ends (main transmission source) in 14 major cities of Pakistan. WorldCall plans to expand its EVDO service in all the 50 major cities of Pakistan. External and Internal assessment PESTE(L) ANALYSIS The Telecom sector all around the world and especially in Pakistan has experienced a tremendous growth in the last few years. The telecommunication sector of Pakistan was awarded the status of industry in 2005 and since then it has been one of the fastest growing sectors of Pakistan quite eminent from various factors such as the mobile density reaching 61.7% in December 2010 and the number of mobile subscribers reaching 102 million. (Source: Pakistan Telecommunication Authority, Annual report 2010). Political factors The political environment of Pakistan is getting unstable uncertain day by day so only the government decision and initiative measures are very important. Decline in foreign investment is also the reason of political instability. PTA is highly autonomous govt. organization and has shown the moderate continuity in the policies regardless of changes in the political environment. PTA is striving hard and trying its best to provide equal competition opportunities in Telecom industry. Govt. can announce unexpected tax changes in Telecom industry. PTA convinced the government that raising taxes will not result in more money coming in the reverse is actually true as the Pakistan government got less revenue. Economical factors The ever increasing economical issues like inflation and the growing debt of Pakistan. The disposable income of people getting low due to the price inflation of consumer goods services. PTA report 2010 tells that telecom sector of economy is in a good shape and growing. Inflation is controlling by state bank and under strict eyes but unemployment rate is going up and up with the increase of level of poverty. High interest rate ~13% Decline in Telecom share in total GST due to low tariffs. Social factors Telecommunication is used in the professional and private sphere now days. Better telecommunication services and telecommunication is now becoming essential part of people lifestyle. Now people have become habitual of consuming new technology products. Internet has become a real working tool; people use Internet at home, at work. People are interested in more than just â€Å"Plain Old Cable/TV† technologies†¦ like Digital Cable TV, Video-On-Demand, and Personal Video Recorders not just plain old TV due to frequent use of internet. Young generation is getting more interest in wireless telecommunication and spends more time in online social activities like chatting, social networking. Telecommunication becoming an integrated part of our social life style. People now like to use Facebook on their pc and on mobile, allowing them to connect with their family and friends anytime anywhere. Internet becomes an integral part of people social-lives. Online gaming is growing rapidly and the ever increasing gaming competition all over the world and in pakistan as well. Technological factors Telecom sector have technology with which they can compete in Pakistan and now companies are investing in their infrastructure to not only expand but also to upgrade their existing structure. Currently mostly companies are providing Multi-media Messaging Services (MMS), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Pocket Stocks, Conference Calling, Wallpapers Animated pictures Polyphonic ring tones (WAP), and Voice Mail at low price and some are also providing feature that one can see TV channels on their cell. Individuals and companies are recognizing the benefits of mobility of wireless broadband. The expertise of IT and Telecom industry has greatly reduce cost and time on the usage of products and services. For example, new VoIP technologies are changing the cost structure of the LDI business. Upcoming future wireless broadband technologies are changing the trends of internet usage. Pakistans telecom industry is one the fastest growing industries even compared to other countries. Innovations and development in telecom technologies has played a major role in the overall growth. Innovations and Developments in IT and Telecom can create and motivate new demands. Like Video Conferencing induced more demand for companies interested in online business meetings. Now a day, firms are in search of reliable information systems. And for this telecom technologies playing vital role. Environmental factors The telecommunication towers spoil the view especially of tourism places but no attention is paid towards this. Ecological Factors Natural Obstructions in Wireless Transmission Infrastructure usage facing difficulty due to the conditions of land. Legal factors Corruption and bribery in legal authorities suffers a telecom companies a lot to face difficulties PTA is the telecom industry regulator and their some objectives are: Telecom sector changed from monopoly to competition Protection of the rights of the companies competing with incumbents and to provide safeguards the interest of the users of the telecommunication services. The unbiased laws of telecom sector to establish healthy competition in market. Porters five forces model Threat of New Entrants Telecom is a very capital concentrated industry, entry into this industry means that the firms need access to huge amount of capital mainly to cover the fixed costs to lay and maintain a physical network (infrastructure, fiber optic cables etc) to the premises of customers. As it is mandatory for the firms to get approval/licenses from PTA, which is both costly, and a tiresome job. Although companies in this industry mostly tended to monopolies regulated by the government up to price controls and moderate to heavy taxation. The telecom industry is already dominated by major players and smaller manufacturers have to struggle, due to high setup costs and market dominations threat of new entrants is low because of: Ø High Government restrictions or legislation Ø Telecom licenses, rights, regional licenses Ø Expected Mergers and Acquisitions Ø High fixed costs Ø High Capital requirements Ø Aggressive competition Bargaining Power of Suppliers There is intense competition between suppliers because of multi-million dollar contracts between Pakistani firms and mostly foreign suppliers. List of suppliers who intensely compete with each other to reach contracts with their business customers. Sometimes suppliers show flexible behavior to maintain the long term relationship with their profit oriented customers. In an telecom industry the manufacturers of telephone switching /switch board equipment, fiber optic cables, network equipment, and billing software makers are low. The prominent names in this industry include Cisco, Alcatel-lucent, Ericsson, Hawawie, ZTE, Samsung, Nortel and Motorola. With the outcome of economic crises and excess capacity and falling demand, the suppliers do not have much power and have to negotiate gently with the telecom companies because of: Ø High availability of substitute inputs Ø Competitive suppliers of telecom equipment Ø Low degree of differentiation of inputs, due to high component standardization. Bargaining Power of Consumer Consumer have high power because customer influence in pricing and shifts towards other sellers if he/she is not satisfied with the quality or price of the product or services. Consumers have very high buying power in telecom sector because though they have many options to choose from especially in Voice segment. Firms are now more concentrating on providing after sales services. Most of the products in the telecom sector industry have not much difference while some may have considerable differences. The increasing trend of communication like email, instant messaging, is declining the importance of voice services. Ø Switching to another product is simple Ø Customers are price sensitive Ø Consumers have high product knowledge Ø Switching costs are low Ø Availability of existing substitute products Plenty of choice of several technologies and other communication means available, enhanced the buyers power. Threat of Substitute Products There are many substitutes available in market. In case of unsatisfactionwith any of the feature customers can easily switch to the other because he/she has the almost exact or the same kind of substitutes. Many of the substitute products and services have emerged in voice, data and entertainment in telecom due to the technological breakthroughs. Switching power is high in telecom sector characterize by high technological developments and fast availability of alternative substitutes. Some of these are more convenient and offer far greater value to the consumer and have diminished the importance of traditional fixed line phones. Substitutes include Broadband, Wireless broadband, DigitalTv, IP Telephony, Mobile phones, Satellite, Email, and Instant Messaging etc. Rivalry among Competitors Due to growth opportunities and government focus on the telecom sector, there is a strong likelihood that competition will gradually increase as new firms enter the industry. there are many existing competitors of world call. The intensity among current rivals is intense and they are mostly competing on technological bases to create competitive advantages. Industry rivalry has become extremely intense with the emergence of new competing firms leading to price cuts across the industry. Ø Companies can only grow by stealing market share away from competitors. Ø Telecom industry with a very high growth. Ø Advertising intensity and spending are very high. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Technical infrastructure HFC-cable Product range Working in major cities Reputation Balanced sales Reliable wireless broadband Weaknesses High dependence on Voice segment Weak marketing Lacking a proper long-term strategy Weak brand positioning Less focus on short-term profitability Infrastructure varies from location to locations ERP implementation taking too long Opportunities Demand increased for backhaul network Cross-sell in major cities Increased demand for LDI and Broadband Privatization of government telecom projects PTA delayed 3G licenses Threats Economy instability CaTV operators alliance Threat by WiMax or other 4G technologies Government policies Increased consumer churn rate Heavy Price competition SWOT Matrix BCG Matrix Core Competencies Analysis The core competences that we have analyzed are Strong Dark Fiber Largest (hybrid fiber coaxial) HFC/Cable Operator (CATV, IOC, VoIP/MSAN Telephony) in Pakistan. Premium WLL and LDI operator in Pakistan. Specific Specialties Worldcall has taken the lead in introducing innovative telecommunication services in Pakistan: Supervised Payphones business model in Pakistan which is now being followed by many other operators largest fixed line payphone infrastructure. The first company to introduce prepaid calling card services in the country. Worldcall developed the first ever broadband HFC convergence Infrastructures in Pakistan the only operator in Pakistan and one of the few in the region to provide a triple play (CATV, broadband internet, telephony) Worldcall was the first operator in Pakistan to commission a state of the art next generation network (â€Å"NGN†) covering long distance international (â€Å"LDI†) inbound and outbound, local loop (â€Å"LL†) / wireless local loop (â€Å"WLL†) telephony services. This is a fully converged architecture enabling wireless solutions and hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) telephony. Strategies Undertaken at: Corporate level:- As the other firms have strategies, WorldCall also has strategies at different levels. In corporate level strategies they basically discuss the current business status as well as the future of the current business. Then they decided in meetings, that in which sector they have to add something and in which sector they want to remove something. They are mainly concerned with: What kind of businesses they want themselves in? How they should manage all sectors or businesses? Types of diversifications they are following Related Business Diversification WorldCall mainly focus in Related Business Diversification. As many good and effective service of WorldCall the broadband service of WorldCall has good growth and opportunity. In this same line of business they diversify their business and there diversification is very much effective for them. They are introducing new and new things in this same line of business that have so many opportunities now a day in Pakistan. WorldCall has made its place in the current market by offering several and unique services. People want now a days some modernized services and WorldCall is properly working to promote these kinds of services. Some of the services are as follows (Video on Demand, cable TV, internet over cable). Currently the Company has several ongoing projects like HFC cable, Point-To-Point corporate broadband services, VSAT (satellite broadband) and DigitalTV which are in the different phases of roll out, all aimed at provisioning of sophisticated data and video services. Reasons for re lated diversification:- To reduce the risk!!! High Compatibility with technical infrastructure!!!!! Support some losses in other segments!! Defensive Strategy WorldCall in September 2009 completed the divesture of its foreign subsidiary WorldCall Lanka. They thought that this should be no more in their business. Forward Integration Although in a very poor state WorldCall is using Franchising as their forward integration strategy, however they do not have much control on their franchises. Product / Service Portfolio Management WorldCall has successfully introduced True Video-On-Demand technology. They have also started WorldCall Wireless Broadband with EVDO technology in the product portfolio. Another very effective service was pay phones and in 2009 officially phased out. Product Development Strategy The product development strategies are one of the most important strategies that should be in business if you want to survive in the market or in the business world. Worldcall is also using product development strategies as it involves development of telecom services and products. They have first mover advantage in CDMA2000 based EVDO wireless broadband. CDMA2000 represents a family of ITU-approved, IMT-2000 (3G) standards and includes CDMA2000 1X and CDMA2000 1xEV technologies. They deliver increased network capacity to meet growing demand for wireless services and high-speed data services. CDMA(code division multiple access) is the fastest growing wireless technology and it will continue to grow at a faster pace than any other technology. It is the platform on which 2G and 3G advanced services are built. Market Development Strategy In market development strategy you have to develop your market, worldcall has developed its market after making analysis. For example WorldCall EVDO Wireless Broadband was initially launched in Karachi followed by Lahore to other major cities including Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Multan and to inclusively to 50 major cities of Pakistan. Same is the expansion of Cable TV service to major cities of Pakistan. Business level strategies WorldCall offers many services under than head of 3 Major Business Segments WorldCall Data WorldCall Voice WorldCall Entertainment WorldCall Data (EVDO Wireless Broadband) WorldCall is following differentiation strategy for WorldCall EVDO wireless because the size of market is large and the product is differentiated for its performance and mobility. WorldCall Voice (LDI Services) WorldCall is following cost-leadership strategy in LDI because of intense and dynamic price competition in LDI market WorldCall Entertainment (Video On Demand) WorldCalls relatively new service is using â€Å"Focus-Value Strategy† because the target market is very small and product offers high degree of control with respect to traditional cable TV. MARKET ANALYSIS Telecom Sectors according to PTA : The Pakistan Telecommunications Authority (PTA) has forced the incumbent fixed-line and broadband operatorPakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd (PTCL) to enter a formal interconnection agreement with rival operators in the xDSL broadband market. The broadband operators, many of which are small and privately owned, have petitioned for reasonable access to PTCLs fixed-line network to help them reduce costs and offer more competitive tariffs. BMI(Business Monitor International) has consistently identified cost as being the single largest barrier to growth in the Pakistani broadband market. In India, where the government is actively pushing for growth, broadband services are available for US$8 per month. In Pakistan however, such services average US$16 per month. With the countrys mobile operators electing to deploy wireless broadband mainly in urban areas, customers in many smaller population centres have little or no high-speed access to the internet. Broadband Growth Now Possible

Inequality for all Essay example -- Racial Relations, Bigotry, Racial

People of color have been the targets of bigotry, racial discrimination, and oppression since the arrival of the early European settlers. This is evident in the mass extermination of the Native Americans and in the kidnapping and enslavement of African’s in the 1600’s. Although slavery was abolished over 100 years ago the traumatic effects of this injustice is present in today’s society. The forefathers of America built this nation with the hands of black people and despite their contribution to this country they continue to be marginalized. Even though black people have made many strides this long-standing history of oppression has persevered throughout the generations. The deep-rooted contention of inequality and injustice has infiltrated the social fabric of American society and government as black people today experience discrimination on every level. Structured discrimination has been to blame for the many disparities that black people face in America. The m ost obvious are the disproportionate amount of minorities in the United States Criminal Justice System. Blacks make up approximately 13% of the U.S. population, and whites 67% of the U.S. population (Census, 2009); however, of the 2.2 million incarcerated, 900,000 are Black (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011). Brief History of Racism & the Mythology of White Superiority Throughout American history the ideology of racism has been ever-present. The idea of white supremacy and black inferiority was birthed from American nationalism. Ironically, the enslavements of African Americans were necessary in order to free colonial America from monarch rule. As a country founded on the philosophy of individual freedoms the enslavement of blacks’ needed to be justified. Indentur... ...covered that some neighborhoods spend more than a million dollars each year to incarcerate and return these residents, coining the phase â€Å"million dollar blocks† (Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2006). To house a prisoner in 2010 it cost an average of $70.56 per day; this number is an estimated $25,754.40 per year. The average cost to attend a public 4-year college is approximately $8,000-$12,000; nearly half the amount to house a prisoner. The oppression of minorities has occurred for generations. Its practices have been made policy since 1705 with the Virginia Slave Codes. Structured inequality has infiltrated the policies that govern this nation. This is evident in the many disparities minorities face. The depth of structured inequality goes beyond changing policy. Not only does policy need to change but also people must be inundated with the message of tolerance.

Nationalism and its key factors Essay

Nationalism is the belief that people should be loyal to their nation rather than their king. The six bonds that create a nation-state are nationality, language, culture, history, religion, and territory. While the United States does not share all of these same features, I still believe it is a nation-state. Nationality is a belief in a common ethnic ancestry. I believe that the United States does not have a common ancestry. Almost everyone is not a true American and has had ancestors immigrate here from another country. We are not all from the same place. Although there are many bi-lingual people in the US, almost everyone speaks a common language, English. It is our national language and it is standardized just about everywhere. Culture is another area where the US fits into Nationalism. Almost everyone follows the American styles of clothing. We also all, for the most part, eat all of the same foods and behave in the same ways. I believe the US also has a common history. Even though almost everyone has an ancestor that immigrated from another country at one time or another, most Americans believe that the history of the United States is their own. There is not one single religion in the United States. One of the United States’ selling points was its freedom of religion. While there are some more popular religions, there is not one that is shared by mostly all Americans. While most of these points can be argued, I believe that the issue on territory cannot. The United States has its own borders and areas that belong to it. This land is known to the world as United States territory and is considered by everyone to be its land. While the United States does not hold all of the bonds to be true, I still believe it to be a Nation-State. It cannot be argued that almost every  citizen of the United States is loyal to the country itself.

Gilgamesh Synopsis

The Epic of Gilgamesh is an ancient poem/literature from Mesopotamia (present day Iraq). The Epic of Gilgamesh is amongst the earliest work of literature known to man. This Literature was originally inscribed on 12 clay tablets in cuneiform script. This literature explores the adventures of Gilgamesh, the historical part-god and part-human King of Uruk (one of the many cities in ancient Mesopotamia). This literature also explores the boundaries of love, friendship, death, immortality, and life as we might relate to it today.Gilgamesh was two-thirds god and one-third human/mortal. He was portrayed in the literature a human king of his people of Uruk and also a supernatural god. Gilgamesh was the strongest of all men, the bravest of the bravest, and a magnificent builder. One of Gilgamesh’s greatest accomplishments was that he was able to build temple towers (ziggurats) and walls that protected his Uruk people from invasions. The Epic of Gilgamesh described a catastrophic flood similar to that experienced by Noah in the Christian bible.This Noah like character was known as Utnapishtim in this literature. He was a king and priest who was granted immortality from the gods after his great boat carried him, his wife, and every living creature to safety after the flood. Utnapishtim was the keeper of the secrets of immortality. Despite some of Gilgamesh’s great accomplishments he was very arrogant as a king and as a mortal who had some godlike features. The people of Uruk were fearful of Gilgamesh, and they prayed to their gods to liberate them from Gilgamesh’s arrogance.Relief came in the form of Enkidu, the beastly man who sought to be Gilgamesh’s rival but instead became his good companion, after being seduced by Shamhat (the temple prostitute). Gilgamesh lived a life of supremacy and adventures. Gilgamesh and his companion Enkidu achieved numerous victories over their adversaries, one of which was the demon Humbada. The gods had later pu nished Gilgamesh and Enkidu for their forms of tyranny by giving Enkidu a slow and painful death. After the death of companion and friend Enkidu, a grief-stricken Gilgamesh became fearful of his own mortality and went in pursuit of Utnapishtim’s secrets of immortality.Gilgamesh traveled the ends of the earth searching for Utnapishtim, the one man whom the Gods saved from the flood, and who was supposed to be able to give Gilgamesh immortality. Gilgamesh’s pursuit for immortality was futile, despite that fact that he was giving an alternative for attaining immortality in the form of a plant which was located at the bottom of the ocean. Gilgamesh went back to Uruk not only tired and weary but, as a changed man with a more approving attitude about life. Gilgamesh seemingly became more appreciative of mortality and optimistic about still achieving greatness and a legacy as a mortal versus an immortal.

Free Essays on Dennis Williams

Dennis Williams was convicted in Illinois and sentenced to die in 1979. A young woman and her fiance had been abducted, the young woman raped, and both murdered in an abandoned house. Williams and his friends and codefendants - Kenneth Adams and Willie Range - were residents of the neighborhood where the couple was found and were seen on the street the night of the crime. Along with Verneal Jimerson, Williams, Adams, and Rainge were dubbed the Ford Heights Four. The state's chief witness in the case claimed to have been at the scene of the crime with the four men. After her testimony secured indictements of all four men, she recanted and the charges against Jimerson were dropped. Williams, Rainge, and Adams, however, were placed near the scene that night and were convicted. Adams received a seventy-five year sentence, Rainge a life sentence, and Williams was sent to death row. Williams won a new trial in 1985. The star witness, who had been convicted as an accomplice and for perjury after her recantation, reverted to her original story and testified against Williams to gain her own release from prison. The charges against Jimerson were also refiled and both men were convicted and sentenced to death. A group of journalism students took up the Ford Heights Four case in 1996. They found a witness who had tipped police to the identity of the real killers shortly after the crime. The police never investigated the tip. The investigating team also found two of the three men that were responsible for the crime, who eventually confessed. The third was deceased. DNA testing corroborated the confessions. Williams, cleared through DNA and the investigation of persistent Northwestern students, was released in 1996, having spent a total of eighteen years in prison and death row. See also: Kenneth Adams, Willie Rainge, Verneal Jimerson.... Free Essays on Dennis Williams Free Essays on Dennis Williams Dennis Williams was convicted in Illinois and sentenced to die in 1979. A young woman and her fiance had been abducted, the young woman raped, and both murdered in an abandoned house. Williams and his friends and codefendants - Kenneth Adams and Willie Range - were residents of the neighborhood where the couple was found and were seen on the street the night of the crime. Along with Verneal Jimerson, Williams, Adams, and Rainge were dubbed the Ford Heights Four. The state's chief witness in the case claimed to have been at the scene of the crime with the four men. After her testimony secured indictements of all four men, she recanted and the charges against Jimerson were dropped. Williams, Rainge, and Adams, however, were placed near the scene that night and were convicted. Adams received a seventy-five year sentence, Rainge a life sentence, and Williams was sent to death row. Williams won a new trial in 1985. The star witness, who had been convicted as an accomplice and for perjury after her recantation, reverted to her original story and testified against Williams to gain her own release from prison. The charges against Jimerson were also refiled and both men were convicted and sentenced to death. A group of journalism students took up the Ford Heights Four case in 1996. They found a witness who had tipped police to the identity of the real killers shortly after the crime. The police never investigated the tip. The investigating team also found two of the three men that were responsible for the crime, who eventually confessed. The third was deceased. DNA testing corroborated the confessions. Williams, cleared through DNA and the investigation of persistent Northwestern students, was released in 1996, having spent a total of eighteen years in prison and death row. See also: Kenneth Adams, Willie Rainge, Verneal Jimerson....

Financing and Structuring Health care Research Paper

Financing and Structuring Health care - Research Paper Example how the patents will pay for the healthcare extended to them, what they will pay for the healthcare services consumed by them, and the range of options and innovations that could be facilitated to the ailing in the sphere of healthcare payments (Walshe, 2006, p. 34). In that context, a thorough understanding of the American healthcare system will be partial, if it is devoid of an understanding of the related financing mechanisms. Health insurance, health coverage, or healthcare coverage is the term used in the United States of America to refer to any program that helps the patients pay for the healthcare services and products used by them during the course of their treatment. Considering the fact that USA is a land of diversity, there exist varied types of health insurance types to suit the needs and aspirations of diverse types of individuals and groups. For what is health insurance but a risk coverage mechanism to assure that individuals and their families have access to quality and timely healthcare. The three main types of health insurance prevalent in the United States of America are individual health insurance, group health insurance and state sponsored health insurance (Green & Rowell, 2010). Individual health insurance covers the healthcare needs of the primary policy holder and one’s family (Green & Rowell, 2010). As the policy holder is required is required to pay for such type of insurance, it happens to be the costliest type of health insurance. Some of the benefits offered by the individual health insurance policies are personalized healthcare, tax exemptions, and a smooth continuation of the insurance plan, as long as the premiums are paid without default (Green & Rowell, 2010). Group health insurance happens to be the most preferred type of insurance. It is also known as the employer sponsored health insurance. In group health insurance, an individual and one’s family accrues the insurance benefits by the virtue of one’s employment (Green &

Does diet have an impact on breast cancer recurrence Literature review

Does diet have an impact on breast cancer recurrence - Literature review Example These factors then influence the recurrence of breast cancer. Therefore, improved diet and increased physical activity lead to reduced risk of breast cancer recurrence. Pathophysiology is the study of the changes that occur in the body as a result of the presence of a given disease. One of the diseases that need to be described using through pathophysiology is the breast cancer. The pathophysiology of breast cancer uncovers the development of breast cancer in the body of a human being so that the necessary treatment and prevention strategies can be enhanced (Nelson et al, 2012). Breast cancer results from various personal, environmental and hereditary factors. Pathophysiology on breast cancer indicates that the disease develops due to some damages on the DNA including lesions which often occur as a result of genetic mutations. The immune system may also fail to act on cancerous cells, and lead to the development of the disease. Another cause of the disease is the malfunctioning of a growth factor during cell division and growth of the breast. Breast cancer may also be caused by inherited genetic damages on the DNA (Panjari et al, 2012). Receptors a nd hormones also play a crucial role in the development of breast cancer. Breast cancer cells have some receptors which may bind hormones and trigger changes in the cell compositions. Some of the receptors include estrogen receptor, HER2 and progesterone receptor. According to the World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF), cancer is the leading type of cancer affecting women in the world and the most common cancer overall in terms of prevalence. There were nearly 1.7 million new cases of breast cancer diagnosis in 2012 (World Cancer Research Fund International 2012). The leading country in terms of diagnosed cases is Belgium. United Kingdom was seventh while United States was ninth. About 3.2 million people with cancer in developed countries still

Microbe Report on Escherichia coli Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Microbe on Escherichia coli - Lab Report Example Most of the strains found in the gut are actually beneficial to the host by inhibiting the growth of other harmful bacteria and synthesizing vitamins, like K2. However, some serotypes can cause severe food poisoning in humans. One common strain, O157:H7, releases strong toxins, specifically enterotoxins, that damage and infect the host’s intestinal lining (Rasko, 2011). At times, a small colony of only 10-100 cells in enough to cause infections in children. The incubation period of these types of infection causing strains can range anywhere from a few hours to a week. The bacteria penetrate and thrive in the intestinal lining, eating away at the mucosa (Hayhurst, 2004). Symptoms of Disease: Symptoms usually manifest themselves in adults after 3-4 days of being infected consisting mostly of mild diarrhea, abdominal cramping and nausea. In severe cases the diarrhea can become bloody and the infection can cause kidney problems leading to pale skin, fever, chills, and bruising. Most healthy adults get better within a weak while for infants and young children it can take longer. In rare and extreme cases the virulent strain can also cause pneumonia, hemolytic uremic syndrome (kidney failure), and dehydration through diarrhea, eventually leading to death in young children and older adults (Hayhurst, 2004). Diagnosis: Usually the doctor carries out a physical examination and a medical history involving a series of questions about many of the symptoms. The questions will also try to determine travelling history, recently eaten foods, contact with contaminated foods and unpasteurized dairy products, and antibiotic use. The physical examination consists of checking the patient’s temperature, blood pressure, skin color, stomach tenderness and a rectal exam. If E. coli infection is suspected, the doctor will request a stool culture examination to determine the presence of the infectious strain and

The Madding crowd Essay Example for Free

The Madding crowd Essay Although he appears reserved, Bathshebas maid Liddy warns her mistress that the insincere Valentine will worry him to death. Perhaps this is because it is common knowledge that a distant relative of Boldwoods went mad and subsequently Boldwood cannot take things lightly. Boldwood has no real passionate feelings for Bathsheba before she sends him the Valentine, but when he receives the declaration of Bathshebas love, it sparks off the beginning of an intense obsession. Boldwood struggles to cope with the extreme emotions that sweep over him; his sheltered childhood in a society where different sexes were kept apart, means he is completely unprepared to deal with his obsession logically. He describes his feelings towards Bathsheba as being as strong as death. He neglects his farm, which had once been his priority and does not appear to be affected by the money he is loosing and the staff he will have to dismiss. Boldwood sees Troys death as an opportunity to have Bathsheba for himself. He plays on her guilt by reminding her of how she had led him on, and pressures her into promising to marry him six years after Troys death. When Troy reappears to everyones astonishment, Boldwood cannot handle the shock and is dismayed at the thought of loosing Bathsheba once more. Acting out of desperation, Boldwood kills Troy and attempts suicide. He is sentenced to life imprisonment and left unbalanced, in despair and completely dysfunctional. Although his obsession drove him to kill another man, Boldwood is the victim who suffers the most from an obsession that has ruined his life. Comparable to Bathsheba, Sergeant Francis Troys main obsession is with himself. His callus and egotistical nature make him constantly determined to get his own way. Yet he is often not content when he gets what he is after and it seldom takes him long to set his mind towards striving for something else. However, this can sometimes lead to the beginning of another obsession. His pride causes him to overreact when Fanny confuses the church where the couple are supposed to be married. This is purely because of the humiliation she has caused him. Whereas most people would forgive someone easily for such an innocent mistake, Troy is so offended and shamed that he cannot bear to risk his reputation once more, even if it is for someone he loves. He turns his attention to Bathsheba as he thinks it is unlikely she will publicly humiliate him. The full extent of his shallow nature is revealed when Troy is married to Bathsheba but treats some of his servants with more respect than her. He abandons Bathsheba under the false pretence of drowning without taking her feelings into consideration and then returns to the farm oblivious of the pain he has caused. If he had not left Bathsheba for so long and been so untruthful towards her, it is unlikely Boldwood would have reacted in the way he did and Troy would probably have survived. Fanny Robin is a relatively minor character in the novel, however she is involved in a complex subplot involving Troy. She was deeply in love with him to the point of obsession. In spite of the mistake she made in confusing the church where she and Troy were due to be wed, Fanny was determined to be with Troy. She arranged to meet him once more in a place of his choice, far away and difficult for Fanny to reach. She attempted the lengthy journey on foot but eventually her steps became feebler and it was clearly impossible for her to reach her goal. Her resolution to be with Troy was indubitably strong but the exhaustion and fatigue she felt was ultimately stronger. Willing and ready to be with Troy even if it killed her, a few of Fannys last words were, If I could only get there! Perhaps I shall be in my grave before then. Tragically, the next time Troy set eyes on Fanny she was, indeed, in her coffin. Therefore it is fair to say that obsession killed Fanny Robin. An obsession can take over a persons every waking thought; it can drive them and people around them to despair and can even cause them to kill another or themselves by simply trying to fulfil that obsession. These things happened in varying degrees of seriousness to every character in Far From the Madding Crowd which therefore suggests obsession is a key feature of the Novel. The variety of obsessions in the novel highlights the many different forms in which people can be obsessed.

Sustainability Asset Management (SAM)

Sustainability Asset Management (SAM) Introduction The concept of Sustainability currently is been paid more and more attention. The idea of Triple Bottom Line (TBL) which Economic, Social and Environment or Profit, People and Planet (PPP) are concerned not only from societies or non-government organization (NGO) but also from all stakeholders; shareholders, investors, employees, customers, etc.. As there are many studies on corporate sustainability, corporate social responsibility which many of them shown positive outcome or positive relation between corporate sustainability and corporates performances or outcomes in either in monetary or non-monetary term or both (Groot Churet, 2009; Peters Mullen, 2009; Samy, Odemilin, Bampton, 2010). Monitoring system has been developed to make business more sustainable by supporting corporation to measure, indicate, monitor and report their operation or sustainability activities and performance for their performance improvement overtime. A characteristic of monitoring system should be accurate, balance in performance accounting, comparable, easy to understand and match to firms activities plan (GRI, 2010) which also mean monitoring system should able to assess sustainability performance respect to the legislation, norm, code, and standard with accountability, be able to continuous developed according to the expectations, be able to interpret and understand the positive and negative impact to the firms, comparability over companies, over time that can support organization to make decision for organization strategy, implementation plan, outcome and continuous improvement (GRI, 2010). One of the most well-known monitoring systems is Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) which will expl ore further detail in this report. This report will briefly introduce the history and the development of sustainability accounting and reporting following by the overview concept of SAM Sustainability Asset Management, Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes (DJSI) and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) as monitoring systems. Then review and analyze a selected company, Nestle as a leader multinational food Producer Company in which their vision and mission are concerning not only on economic but also environment and social as their hope to be a part to shape the world for more sustainable (Nestle, 2010). Furthermore its relevant sustainability dimensions will be identified and described on the boundary implemented in its operation, including the indicator measured and results reported to the publics, its limitation, challenges and how will it use those indicators for company performance improvement. Literature review history and development One of the literatures of sustainability accounting and reporting development reviewed from Burritt and Schaltegger (2010) which aim to classify paths and the future of sustainability accounting and reporting assessment mentioned that there are two main developing tracks. The first one is a viewpoint of a critical theory which seen sustainability accounting development as a cause and source from corporate sustainability problems which may not reach the purpose of firms sustainability information disclosure and can be seen as a fashionable which may fade out after sometime. While another path looks sustainability reporting as a tool for management to support and make different decisions and actions according to those information. In the critical path sustainability accounting development, the Bruntland Report, World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), was published in 1987 and seemed to pull attention from the public for the global need of sustainable development but because insufficient understanding of sustainability this corporate sustainability report was not well defined and been abandoned (Burritt Schaltegger, 2010). Even the sustainability accounting process and reports was not clear though some companies still use sustainability reports caused by the pressure from both internal stakeholder managers and external stakeholder publics, media, societies to gained competitive advantage as reputation, market opportunities and to perceived from others perception on sustainability (Bebbington et al. as cited in Burritt Schaltegger, 2010). Another sustainability accounting development, managerial path, by comparing the financial accounting, the management reports were designed to meet the need of firms managers for decision making, planning and controlling while financial statements e.g. balance sheet, financial performance reports were designed for external stakeholders in which the first sustainability reports tried to linked with these accounting reports by integrating economic, social and environment aspect to support management decision and other stakeholder decision. Burritt and Schaltegger (2010) proposed three approaches for sustainability accounting which are inside-out, outside-in and twin-track. For the first approach inside-out, it is an approach for a company to define its business strategy, implementation plan and make decision from sustainability performance measurement and reporting that trying to contribute to social and environment together with economic to strengthen their market position, gain competitive advantage from good reputation or value added to customers and even in monetary term from new technologies concerning with triple bottom line or innovated process that reduced waste, energy saving, emission reduction which decrease operational expenses and increase profit for the firm. Secondly, the approach of outside-in is an approach from external organization such as Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) that supply guideline for a company for sustainability reporting and can be used as a driven forces for management consideration of how can the firm contribute to sustainable development and meet expectation from stakeholders. In which GRI is one of the best well-known sustainability reporting guideline (Brown et al. as cited in Burritt Schaltegger, 2010). Also, the way to measure, indicate, monitoring and reporting had taken into account as the study on the market reaction to the first-time release of corporate sustainability reports (Guidry Patten, 2010) in which they examined from US firms report according to Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) found that even there were no significant market reactions from the corporates sustainability released announcement but the it is positive significant to the quality of the reports in which the more market reaction to the highest quality report than lower quality report. Those evidences could implicate that people (investors in this study) are more concern in the detail or quality of the sustainability not only to have or simply mention corporate social responsibility in the annual report (Erusalimsky et al. cited in Guidry Patten, 2010). Monitoring System: SAM Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes and Global Report Initiative One example of monitoring system that has been develop as the important of corporate sustainability and increased interested from organizations stakeholders consist of societies, media, customers, employees, NGO, investors etc. reviewed earlier, an asset management company in Switzerland, SAM; Sustainable Asset Management, specializing in corporate sustainability investments has founded in 1995 and turn to be one of the worlds leading investment groups, looking for and identify the leading companies base on sustainability criteria using one of the largest sustainability corporation database by cooperated with Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) in analyze companies all over the world in yearly basis (SAM, 2009). In 2009, from 2,500 largest companies according to Dow Jones Wilshire Global index had been analyzed and only 15% 367 companies in 57 different sectors were qualified which classified in three different level; SAM Gold Class scored more than 75%, Silver Class scored 70-75% and Bronze Class scored 65-70%. The scores were measured across all three perspectives economic, social and environment. As mentioned the SAM collaboration with DJSI. DJSI is one of the biggest and longest datable that has been launch in 1999 provided reference point for corporate sustainability assessment by measuring and indexed base on economic, environment and social criteria of the firms. The assessment processes are conducted annually by SAM using different weighted criteria in general and specific-industrial to assess companies according to firms opportunities and risk from their sustainability trends. The assessment are the response from the companies based on SAM questionnaire including companies document and from others third-party. This assessment report then will assure by Deloitte defining rules. The dimension, criteria and weighting are shown as diagram below: Source: Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes, 2010 Another example of monitoring system is GRI Global Reporting Initiative which has developed in 1997 from the idea to disclosure sustainability information framework by CRES, non-profit organization in Boston, the pioneer of environmental reporting framework since early 1990s. The first GRI version of sustainability report guidelines, G1 guideline, had released in 2000 following by the G2 Guideline in 2002 and the recent version of GRI, G3 Guideline launched in 2006 (GRI, 2010). The GRI Guideline aim support an organization to what it has to report and how to report. The overview concept can be explained by the figure: Source: Global Reporting Initiative: G3 Framework and Executive Summary (GRI, 2010). In how to report, the GRIs Principle Guidance and Protocols are provided to ensure that the report is focused to both internal and external stakeholders value. In the principle and guidance part the processes are first, to define the report content relating to core component, stakeholder comprehensiveness, sustainability perspective and completeness. Secondly, make sure the report quality by concerning with accuracy, balance, comparable, easy to understand, timely and reliable of the report. Third, set the report boundary by determine the organization unit, function or process to be include in the report. Another part on what to report Standard Disclosure, Sector Supplements and National Annexes are provided and using three different measurements which are: Profile to express strategic approach and governance, Second, Management Approach to explain the sustainability goals and management used and Third, Performance Indicators which accountable on economic, environment and social performance. Company Description: Nestlà © was established in 1867, Switzerland by Henri Nestlà © (Koese, 2008). The meaning of Nestlà © is little nest (Nestlà ©, n.d.). The first product of Nestlà © was FarineLactee Nestlà © for children who mother cannot feed them with the breast. The current product line including chocolates, soups, instant coffee, cornflakes, frozen foods, seasoning and mineral water as well as they expanded their products to pet foods, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics (Sefcik, n.d.). Nestlà © accomplished with the innovative and business acquisitions to become the world largest Food Company in term of sales which has factories in 83 countries globally. The vision of Nestlà © is known as the leading in Nutrition, Health, and Happiness company (Nestlà ©, 2010; Mali, Ali, Rana, Ilyas Khan, n.d.). According to Nestlà © (2010) stated that Our mission  of Good Food, Good Life  is to provide consumers with the best tasting, most nutritious choices in a wide range of food and beverage categories and eating occasions, from morning to night. With it vision and mission, Nestlà © focuses on 5 areas namely the consumers, human rights and labour operations, human resources, supplier and customers, and environment (The Nestlà © Corporate Business Principles, 2010) using 10 principles on its business operations consist of: Consumers Nutrition, health, and wellness is the first principle that company needs to increase the quality of consumers daily life by adding more tastier and healthier to their products. Quality assurance and product safety provides the safe and high quality to consumers. Consumer communication, the company provide responsible to consumers to reach consumers need such as infant foods. Human rights and labour operations Human rights in our business activities is the fourth principle which emphasizing providing and supporting good real situation of human right and labour performances via business activities. Human resources Fifth principle is leadership and personal responsibility by respecting and reputing to all staff as well as motivating and providing opportunities to develop themselves in management and leadership. Safety and health at work is the sixth principle of business operations that concern with obviating the hazard, harm, and sickness from work. Suppliers and customers The seventh principle is suppliers and customers relations by expressing the reliability and equality to contractors and clients. Agriculture and rural development, the company provides the advancement in the production, community, and financial to farmers and rural people as well as create environmentally friendly in term of sustainability. Environment Ninth is environmental sustainability. The company takes the sustainability in environmentally friendly into action through business activities as well as product life cycle by using the resources efficiently. The last principle is water due to the company create the sustainable of water as well as development in water systems by managing as the confining resources. Sustainability dimensions most relevant to Nestlà © Nestlà © is responsible for creating the corporate achievement in long term in term of creating shared value. (Nestlà ©, 2009) The company follows the highest standard of business activities and environmental sustainability which concerns in various areas of sustainability such as socio-cultural, economic, and environmental. Refer to the companys objective is known as the leader in Nutrition, Health, and Wellness; it relates with the sustainable in triple bottom lines such as financial, social, and environment issues (Nestlà © Oceania, 2009). Nestlà © believes their business activities in term of sustainability can create environmentally friendly for future. (Nestlà ©, 2009) Regarding to sustainable development to Nestlà ©, it can define as the expansion that reach the need in the present by using the fully ability to satisfy individuals need of next generation. Description: CSV Conversely, the company makes business profit in long term by going beyond cooperation and sustainable to create value for investors and society. In addition, Nestlà © emphasizes on the global environmental issues such as nutrition, water, and rural development as well as these issues can create strong business strategy and competitive advantage to increase the shareholder value and attain the socials requirement (Nestlà ©, 2009). The dimensions relevant to Nestle are categorized as: Socio-cultural dimensions First of all, nutrition is one of the relevance of Nestlà ©s sustainability due to the company focuses on helping people and society healthy (Nestlà ©, 2009). The company creates the nutrition aim to improve health and provide more choice to consumers as well as adding up quality of life. In addition, the company also focuses on the lowest impact with environmental problems. Moreover, the company needs to provide knowledge and understanding in the consumers. The company tries to develop and improve their products with high quality of foods to support low-income consumer as well as pursuing with World Health Organizations regulation. Furthermore, Nestlà © renovates products by providing the nutrition labelling and descriptions on the packaging as well as develop nutritional knowledge and training in infant formula marketing employees (Nestlà ©, 2009). Nestlà © has several aspects that make corporate sustainability. For instance, the research and development is one of factor that concern for the social sustainability. The RD needs to have well planning to drive the company achievement in the consumers needs. The company also provides diversify of products to improve branded active benefits for health benefits to customers. However, there are some problems that Nestlà © faces such as the increasing rate of obesity in the developing countries (Nestlà ©, 2009). Second, rural development is one of aspects that Nestlà © concerns due to the company works directly with the farmers. Most of them live in the rural areas and work as agriculturists. Nestlà © creates sustainable by supporting them to have better standard of living, increasing in productivity, and protecting the environment. The company also has the high quality of raw material to support the consumers and make more profit because they reduce the intermediaries. Nestlà © supports social sustainability by providing the knowledge, loans, rural employment, and training as well as technical assistance to rural people. The company also manages the relationship with suppliers to save the distribution costs and obtain high quality of raw materials. Moreover, the company can create shared value via supplier development by providing training and knowledge as well as reach high standard of the company (Nestlà ©, 2009). Last are human resources that focus on the sustainability and stability in work life as well as the employees satisfaction. Nestlà © aims to invest for professional training and development in quality of staff as well as provide the job opportunities and environmental in the workplace. The company also needs to create the respect and parity at all level within the company (Nestlà ©, 2009). Health and safety is one of the important factors that can create the sustainability in organization such as the zero accident during work. Employees need to work in the secure and comfortable place which can create more productivity. The relationship within employee is emphasizing on the human rights, culture and equity which can connect to the sustainable in corporation. Moreover, Nestlà © concerns in the gender balance in term of multicultural diversity within the company. Training and learning are necessary to create business success by staffs need to understand their job and use effectively skills as well as the company provides the management training and leadership development to their employees. In addition, Nestlà © creates in employee engagement and workplace wellness to build corporate sustainable (Nestlà ©, 2009). Environmental dimensions Nestlà © concerns in water and environmental sustainability which improve production process and environmental performance as well as they produce goods with lowest environmental effect. The company launches the environmental sustainability programs to reduce use in water and natural resources as well as develop the packaging to maintain environmentally friendly. Moreover, company promotes more sustainable in supply chain management in water. Nestlà © is continuing to improve the environmental performance such as water resources and reduce the energy consumption as well as renovate energy sources (Nestlà ©, 2009). Nestlà © has environmental management to improve the sustainable development in order to business activities. The company is also responsible for engaging stakeholders performance and capture leadership role. The company also creates the environmental sustainability in product life cycle by focusing on the environmental impacts such as production process, conveyances, a nd consumption. Water is the natural resources that an essential for Nestlà © due to the company uses water for agriculture. (Nestlà ©, 2009) Therefore the company manages the water resource as main factors of creating shared value. Another factor is climate change, Nestlà © concerns for the greenhouse gas emanation by improving energy, and converting to cleaner fuels as well as renewal of energy. Moreover, transport and distribution, the company works on the environmental impact to reduce the environmental issues. The company also reduces the waste and recovery of by-products and increases the reprocess of by-products as well. In addition, Nestlà © emphasizes on the packaging due to it is necessary for food safety by providing the nutritional information to consumers. Hence, the company focuses on the innovative of packaging that makes from natural resources such as plastics as well as motivates consumers to reuse plastic bottle (Nestlà ©, 2009). Economical dimensions Nestlà © provides the economic sustainability through the principles and policies which concerns in management approach. (Nestlà ©, 2009) Nestlà © also indicates the economic sustainability into risk and opportunities in climate change. Nestlà © create sustainability in core strategy in term of rural development due to the company provides knowledge training to communities as well as develop the rural areas. Moreover, the company provides long term micro financial loans to farmer as well as employment. Nestlà © has project to invest and develop in term of agriculture activities such as growing and improving coffee quality and sustainability. Nestlà © also shares the Creating Shared Value and supply chain in order to consumers, suppliers and distributors, industry, employees, government, and shareholders which sharing as consumer surplus, suppliers of raw materials and packaging, price and cost of company productivity, job and revenue of staff, taxes, and enhance in share-holder value. Analysis of Nestle indicators From Nestle company perspective, they believed that Creating Shared Value for societies that go beyond regulations, business principle, code of conduct compliance and sustainability to protect the future concerning with all stakeholders can create long-term value for their shareholder and company value in the term of economic, innovation, social and environment too. They are support UN Global compact and committed business principle base on sustainability and had developed conceptual framework measured the impacts on all stakeholders which depict as the figure below. Apart from the stakeholders impact matrix mentioned, they also looked in to materiality issues and analyze on their value chain which concerning from stakeholders and identified key performance index, focused area and prioritize according to degree from low to high of the impact and the interest of society that helped the company to utilize resources allocation, clearly goals setting and proper action plan in each focused areas. Source: Nestle Creating Shared Value, published on www.nestle.com, 2010 Analyzing to the Nestle monitoring system, their recent indicators are measured and reported in the form of United Nation Global Compact Principles which are Economic, Nutrition, Water, Environment Sustainability, Rural development, Suppliers, People and in addition with external assessment from SAM using Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes (DJSI) and Bureau Veritas assurance for Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). This report will describe and evaluate indicators from the dimensions of Socio-Cultural, economic and environment by using DJSI and GRI for analysis. Overall, results of performance indicator by SAM, Nestle been classified in to SAM Gold Class and ranked second leader in Food Producers Sector according to SAM methodology and assessment as shown in figure below. Source: SAM Sustainability Yearbook 2010 The performance indicators measured were weighting across Economic 34%, Environment 29% and Social Dimension 37% which can been seen that it got highest score in Social Dimension and almost highest in Environment Dimension that match with the firm focused areas on Nutrition, Rural development Our people as Social and Water Environment Sustainability as Environment Dimension as shown in table below. Source: SAM Company Benchmarking Scorecard, Corporate Sustainability Assessment, 2010 Looking into another indicator, GRI, Nestle GRI report shown its application level on B+ which mean they met criteria requirement in level B shown below and the report assured by external auditor Bureau Veritas. The reasons Nestle not met level A are because the reports did not respond to core G3 version and Sector Supplement Indicator; Nestle are categorized in Food Producers Sector. Source: GRI Application Levels version 3.0, 2010 The detail indicator analysis according to different dimension will explain in the following section. Economic Dimension DSJI Sustainability Assessment in economic dimension In DJSI Economic Dimension, it evaluated in 6 criteria indicators using the Sustainability Assessment questionnaire responded from the company, Nestle, consist of Corporate Governance Risk Crisis Management Code of Conduct / Compliance / Corruption Bribery Innovation Management Health Nutrition Strategy for Emerging Markets The DJSI report of Nestle Company evaluated by SAM can be seen as table below: It can be seen that Nestle Score are more than average in every area that evaluated by the answers responded from the questionnaire. For example: In corporate governance, it reported Checks Balance of the Board structure using two-tier system with supervisory board from non-executive and independent directors of total 14 persons compared to 13 from management board from executive management and the role of CEO is split from Chairman. It reported formal corporate government statement. There are 3 women in board for gender diversity. Board owned the company stock to align with long-term interest of shareholders. Another example in Risk Crisis Management including water and climate which Nestle got the best score shown that it assigned specific management staff Head of Group Risk Management, to response and report in this area, it using risk analysis tool such as HACCP, Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), etc. and correlated analysis all this risks to business and financial risk including sensitivity and stress test such as change in carbon pricing, water quality. It has contingency plans using Nestle Environmental Management System (EMS) including ISO14001. More detail questionnaire answers can be seen from SAM Research Corporate Sustainability Assessment Questionnaire, DJSI Sustainability Assessment 2010, NESTLE SA/AG. Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) for Economic dimension measuring in 3 performance areas as Economic performance, 4 indicators: EC1, EC2, EC3 and EC4 Market presence, 3 indicators: EC5, EC6 and EC7 Indirect economic impacts, 2 indicators: EC8 and EC9 For example: Nestle reported EC1: Direct economic value generated and distributed as below figures: It reviewed that the group achieved organic growth of 4.1% but because of Swiss franc currency weakness, it reported sale down to 107.6 Billion CHF. While the EBIT margin is increased to 14.6% and also dividend per share are increased 14.3%. The profitability is increased because of the cost saving target from Nestle Continuous Excellence (NEC) program. Also it increases its RD investment by 1.9% of sale for long-term brand building and investment. Another example of EC2 Risks and opportunities due to climate change: It can be seen that Nestle has improve energy efficiency and renewable energy expansion use over year such as it reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 3.1% from 2008. Environmental Dimension DSJI Sustainability Assessment in environmental dimension The score are measured in 8 different sub dimensions and Nestlà ©s score are shown in below table: Nestlà ©s all scores are above the average and some of them get the best score. Those score achieved by the company performance, for example in Environmental Policy / Management System, Nestle has adopted environmental policy which committed to environment since publish global policy on environment in 1991 where preserving natural resources and reduced wasted are in its operations which include the reduction use of water per kilo of food and beverage produced, signed UN Global Compact, improved environment through SAI-platform (Sustainable Agriculture Initiative), participated Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), shared knowledge through Greening the Supply Chain (CGS) program which help suppliers to develop their EMS (DJSI, 2010). Nestle EMS verify by ISO14001. Another indicator in Operational Eco-Efficiency, reported that the EP- Direct Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2009 was 3976158 Metric ton CO2 equivalent compared to 4104488 in 2008, also Indirect Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Energy purchased, Water consumption, Waste generation were reduced from the previous year. Additional example of Packaging indicator, Nestle policy is integrated with environmental aspects which applied to holistic life cycle farm to consumer to reduced weight and volume of materials, Packing reduction, recyclable packaging, use recycled materials, biodegradable packaging, recovered energy from used packages in which all detail reported can be seen from Nestle publications, eco-design and by invested in RD Sustainability Council to ensure that sustainability is taking in to account in all development products. Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) in Environment Dimension are measured in 9 different areas as Material: 2 indicators EN1 and EN2 Energy: 5 indicators EN3 to EN7 Waster: 3 indicators EN8, EN9, EN10 Biodiversity: 5 indicators EN11, EN12, EN13, EN14 and EN15 Emissions, effluents and waste: 10 indicators EN16 to EN25 Products and Services: 2 indicators EN26 and EN27 Compliance: 1 indicator EN28 Transport: 1 indicator EN29 Overall: 1 indicator EN30 At Nestle, for example in Material EN1: Materials used by weight or volume, it shown that it reduced 58,995 tons of materials weight from 21.43 million tons in 2008 to 21.18 million tons in 2009 as table below: Next example of Energy EN3: Direct energy consumption by primary energy source. It can be seen that Nestle had reduced energy consumption and move toward renewable energy sources. Additional example of Water EN8: Total water withdrawal by source in which Nestle aim to be the most efficiency water user and they can reduced 143 million cubic meters in 2009. Another example of Emissions, effluents and waste EN16: Total direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions by weight reported reduced in 2009 compared to 2008. Further example of Products and Services EN26: Initiative to mitigate environmental impacts of products and services, and extend of impact mitigation. Nestle conducted Life Cycle Assessments to determine the impact to environment from its product such as coffee products and used those information for RD and share among communities for further improvement as shown in figure below: Social Dimension DSJI Sustainability Assessment in social dimension SAM was assessed in 7 main area indicators which Nestle assessment score are shown as below table: For example in Labor Practice Indicators, Nestle reported that it has a strict policy of non-discrimination base on gender, ethnic, nationality, religion and performance characteristic which from the Labor KPI as Non-Discrimination / Diversity shown 33% of women in the workforce and 27% in management position and the diversity distribute among 33.9% in Europe, 38% in America 28.1% in Asia, Oceania and Africa. Also for the safety in the workplace it used international standard of OHSAS 18001 as safety work indicators in which only 0.23 in